TAA i.3.1.30

represent the spread-out ends of a papyrus bundle, with 

rather elaborate bindings – also in paint. There are no 

steering paddles or other fittings.

          The two "Moon Barks", or perhaps "Celestial Ferryboats", 

are also of simple construction and show horizontal stripes 

of paint along the sides, quite suggestive of a reed-boat 

origin. They are canoe-shaped, with both ends turned up<wards>

and backwards and carry<ing> at their extremities the flat 

disc which represents a lotus. No.308, which has an "eye" 

painted on each side of the bow, is provided with a pair 

of steering paddles fitted in the manner already described, 

excepting for the absence of a cross-bar. The top of each 

of the vertical posts is carved with a hawk-head, but the 

tillers are missing. No.312, which was possibly never com-

pleted, shows no painted "eye" nor any arrangement for 

steering.

          The four remaining wooden models are of the type known 

as "Solar Barks". Each is made with vertical loti/<u>s finials 

at both ends, but at the stern the stalk of the lotus is bent 

sharply forward, in reverse, before it becomes vertical. 

Amidships there is a gilt throne, while two have also a 

double-roofed cabin <[?? Fact to be verified]> forward. There are a pair of steering-

paddles aft, fitted as has been previously described, except 

that there is no cross-bar between the vertical posts. The 

painting of the sides is similar to that of the "m/<M>oon Boats/<Barks>" 

and has/<there is> an "eye" forward, on each side.

          The question of the development of steering arrangements 

in Egyptian boats has appeared rather complicated, for as 

far back as the V Dynasty, large vessels were provided with 

several steering paddles. These, however, were held in the 

hands of the steersmen and were not apparently attached to 

the ship. Later, in the XII Dynasty, there is no/<seldom any> sign of more 

than one steering paddle for each vessel, but this, besides